💎 Gemstones

Most gemstones are varieties of a mineral species – amethyst and citrine are quartz, ruby and sapphire are corundum, emerald and aquamarine are beryl. Others are rocks (lapis lazuli), mineraloids (opal) or organic (amber, pearl). Each card links to a page with properties and the parent mineral.

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AbsiteMineral variety
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AchroiteMineral variety
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Adamantine sparMineral variety
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AdamsiteMineral variety
Adularia
AdulariaMineral variety
Afghanite
Afghanite(Na,K)₂₂Ca₁₀(Si₂₄Al₂₄)O₉₆(SO₄)₆Cl₆IMA mineral species
Agate
AgateSiO₂Mineral variety · H 6.5 – 7
Agate Geode
Agate GeodeGeode / nodule
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Agate-jasperMineral variety
Alabaster
AlabasterMineral variety
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Albite cat’s-eyeMineral variety
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Albite MoonstoneMineral variety
Alexandrite
AlexandriteAl₂BeO₄Mineral variety · H 8.5
Almandine
AlmandineFe²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃IMA mineral species · H 7.5
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AlushtiteMineral variety
Alvite
AlviteMineral variety
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AmalgamMineral variety
Amazonite
AmazoniteMineral variety
Amber
AmberC₁₂H₂₀OOrganic gem · H 2 – 2.5
Amber with Inclusions
Amber with InclusionsFossil
Amethyst
AmethystSiO₂Mineral variety · H 7
Amethyst Geode
Amethyst GeodeGeode / nodule
Amethyst Stalactite
Amethyst StalactiteMineral variety
Ametrine
AmetrineMineral variety
Ammolite
AmmoliteGem material
Ammonite
AmmoniteFossil
Amosite
AmositeMineral variety
Andesine
AndesineMineral variety
Andradite
AndraditeCa₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃IMA mineral species
Annivite
AnniviteMineral variety
Anorthoclase
AnorthoclaseMineral variety
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AntozoniteMineral variety
Anyolite
AnyoliteRock
Apache tears
Apache tearsRock
Apatite
ApatiteMineral group · H 5 – 7
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AphriteCaCO₃Mineral variety
Apophyllite
ApophylliteMineral group
Apophyllite Stalactite
Apophyllite StalactiteMineral variety
Aquamarine
AquamarineBe₃Al₂Si₅O₁₈Mineral variety
Aragonite Sputnik
Aragonite SputnikMineral variety
Argentite
ArgentiteAg₂SMineral variety
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AriteMineral variety
Arkansas Quartz
Arkansas QuartzMineral variety
Arquerite
ArqueriteMineral variety
Aventurine
AventurineRock · H 6.5
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Azurite-malachiteGem material
Bakerite
BakeriteMineral variety · H 4.5
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Balas rubyMineral variety
Baltic Amber
Baltic AmberOrganic gem
Banded Aragonite
Banded AragoniteMineral variety
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BariomicroliteMineral variety
Barite Rose
Barite RoseMineral variety
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BastiteMineral variety
Bauxite
BauxiteRock
Benitoite
BenitoiteIMA mineral species · H 6
Beryl
BerylBe₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈IMA mineral species
Binnite
BinniteMineral variety
Bismuth
BismuthOther
Black Calcite
Black CalciteMineral variety
Black Moonstone
Black MoonstoneMineral variety
Black Opal
Black OpalMineral variety
Black Star Sapphire
Black Star SapphireMineral variety
Blastoid
BlastoidFossil
Blue Amber
Blue AmberOrganic gem
Blue Aragonite
Blue AragoniteMineral variety
Blue Calcite
Blue CalciteMineral variety
Blue Chalcedony
Blue ChalcedonyMineral variety
Blue Halite
Blue HaliteMineral variety
Blue lace agate
Blue lace agateMineral variety
Blue Moonstone
Blue MoonstoneMineral variety
Blue Opal
Blue OpalMineral variety
Bort
BortCMineral variety
Botswana agate
Botswana agateMineral variety
Boulder Opal
Boulder OpalMineral variety
Boushaki
BoushakiMineral variety
Brachiopod
BrachiopodFossil
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BrammalliteMineral variety
Bronzite
BronziteMineral variety
Brown Aragonite
Brown AragoniteMineral variety
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BrunsvigiteMineral variety
Bytownite
BytowniteMineral variety
Calamites
CalamitesFossil
Calcite Geode
Calcite GeodeGeode / nodule
Calcite Stalactite
Calcite StalactiteMineral variety
Caribbean Blue Calcite
Caribbean Blue CalciteMineral variety
Carnelian
CarnelianMineral variety · H 7
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Cat's eyeGem material
Cat's-Eye Moonstone
Cat's-Eye MoonstoneMineral variety
Cave Aragonite
Cave AragoniteMineral variety
Celestite Geode
Celestite GeodeGeode / nodule
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CerphosphorhuttoniteMineral variety
Chain Coral
Chain CoralFossil
Chalcedony
ChalcedonyMineral variety · H 7
Chalcedony Stalactite
Chalcedony StalactiteMineral variety
Charlevoix Stone
Charlevoix StoneFossil
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ChernobyliteMineral variety
Chiastolite
ChiastoliteMineral variety
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ChileniteAg₆BiMineral variety
Chloanthite
ChloanthiteMineral variety
Chlorastrolite
ChlorastroliteMineral variety
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ChloromelaniteMineral variety
Chlorophane
ChlorophaneMineral variety
Chocolate Opal
Chocolate OpalMineral variety
Chromdiopside
ChromdiopsideMineral variety
Chrome chalcedony
Chrome chalcedonyMineral variety
Chromian clinochlore
Chromian clinochloreMineral variety
Chrysanthemum stone
Chrysanthemum stoneRock
Chrysoberyl
ChrysoberylBeAl₂O₄IMA mineral species · H 8.5
Chrysoprase
ChrysopraseMineral variety
Citrine
CitrineMineral variety · H 7
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CleavelanditeMineral variety
Cleiophane
CleiophaneZnSMineral variety
Cleveite
CleveiteMineral variety
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CliftoniteMineral variety
Cobaltocalcite
CobaltocalciteMineral variety
Common Opal
Common OpalMineral variety
Condor Agate
Condor AgateMineral variety
Copal
CopalOrganic gem
Coral
CoralOrganic gem
Cordierite
CordieriteMg₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈IMA mineral species
Corundum
CorundumAl₂O₃IMA mineral species · H 9
Crazy Lace Agate
Crazy Lace AgateMineral variety
Crinoid
CrinoidFossil
Crocidolite
CrocidoliteMineral variety · H 4
Crystal Opal
Crystal OpalMineral variety
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DahlliteMineral variety
Dalmatian Jasper
Dalmatian JasperRock
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DanaiteMineral variety
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Daphnite(Fe,Mg)₅Al(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(OH)₈Mineral variety
Delessite
DelessiteMineral variety
Demantoid
DemantoidMineral variety
Dendritic Agate
Dendritic AgateMineral variety
Dendritic Opal
Dendritic OpalMineral variety
Derbyshire Blue John
Derbyshire Blue JohnGem material
Desert rose
Desert roseRock
Diabantite
DiabantiteMineral variety
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Diaclasite(Mg,Fe)SiO3 · 1/4H2OMineral variety
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DiallageMineral variety
Diamond
DiamondCIMA mineral species · H 10
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Dinosaur BoneFossil
Dogtooth Calcite
Dogtooth CalciteMineral variety
Dravite
DraviteNaMg₃Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃OHIMA mineral species · H 7
Dryhead Agate
Dryhead AgateMineral variety
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DuhameliteMineral variety
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DysanalyteMineral variety
Eilat stone
Eilat stoneGem material
Elbaite
ElbaiteNa(Li₁.₅Al₁.₅)Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)IMA mineral species · H 7
Electrum
ElectrumAu·AgMineral variety · H 2 – 3
Embolite
EmboliteMineral variety
Emerald
EmeraldMineral variety · H 7.6
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EndlichiteMineral variety
Ethiopian Opal
Ethiopian OpalMineral variety
Eye Agate
Eye AgateMineral variety
Fairburn Agate
Fairburn AgateMineral variety
Falcon's eye
Falcon's eyeMineral variety
Fassaite
FassaiteMineral variety
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FemoliteMineral variety
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FerritungstiteMineral variety
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Ferroan platinumMineral variety
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FerropericlaseMineral variety
Fire agate
Fire agateMineral variety
Fire opal
Fire opalMineral variety
Flos Ferri
Flos FerriMineral variety
Forsterite
ForsteriteMg₂SiO₄IMA mineral species · H 7
Fortification Agate
Fortification AgateMineral variety
Fossil Brittle Star
Fossil Brittle StarFossil
Fossil Coral
Fossil CoralFossil
Fossil Gastropod
Fossil GastropodFossil
Fossil Sand Dollar
Fossil Sand DollarFossil
Fossil Sea Urchin
Fossil Sea UrchinFossil
Fossil Shark Teeth
Fossil Shark TeethFossil
Fossil Shell
Fossil ShellFossil
Fossil Starfish
Fossil StarfishFossil
Francolite
FrancoliteMineral variety
Fuchsite
FuchsiteMineral variety
Fulgurite
FulguriteNatural glass
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FupingqiuiteMineral variety
Garnet group
Garnet groupMineral group
Garnierite
GarnieriteRock
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GelvarisciteMineral variety
Geode
GeodeGeode / nodule
Glendonite
GlendoniteMineral variety
Gold Sheen Obsidian
Gold Sheen ObsidianMineral variety
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Golden berylBe₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈Gem material
Golden sheen sapphire
Golden sheen sapphireMineral variety
Goldstone
GoldstoneMan-made glass
Goshenite
GosheniteMineral variety
Gray Moonstone
Gray MoonstoneMineral variety
Green Calcite
Green CalciteMineral variety
Green Moonstone
Green MoonstoneMineral variety
Green Opal
Green OpalMineral variety
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GriffithiteMineral variety
Grossular
GrossularCa₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃IMA mineral species
Heliodor
HeliodorMineral variety
Heliotrope
HeliotropeSiO₂Mineral variety · H 6.5 – 7
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HemafibriteMineral variety
Herkimer diamond
Herkimer diamondMineral variety
Hessonite
HessoniteMineral variety · H 7
Hexagonite
HexagoniteMineral variety
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HibschiteCa₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃₋ₓ(OH)₄ₓ (x=0.2-1.5)Mineral variety
Hiddenite
HiddeniteMineral variety
Honey Calcite
Honey CalciteMineral variety
Honey Opal
Honey OpalMineral variety
Honeycomb Coral
Honeycomb CoralFossil
Horn Coral
Horn CoralFossil
Hyalophane
HyalophaneMineral variety · H 5 – 7
Hydrohetaerolite
HydrohetaeroliteHZnMn³⁺₅/₃O₄Mineral variety
Iceland spar
Iceland sparMineral variety · H 3
Ilmenorutile
IlmenorutileMineral variety
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IncaiteMineral variety
Indicolite
IndicoliteMineral variety
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Indonesian Agatized CoralFossil
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IoliteMg₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈Mineral variety
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IridosmineMineral variety
Iris Agate
Iris AgateMineral variety
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Iris quartzMineral variety
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IrnimiteMineral variety
Jacinto de Compostela
Jacinto de CompostelaMineral variety · H 7
Jade
JadeGem material
Jadeite
JadeiteNaAlSi₂O₆IMA mineral species
Jasper
JasperMineral variety · H 7
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JetOrganic gem
K2 Jasper
K2 JasperRock
Kamacite
KamaciteMineral variety · H 4
Kambaba Jasper
Kambaba JasperRock
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KeilhauiteMineral variety
Keokuk Geode
Keokuk GeodeGeode / nodule
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KeroliteMineral variety
Knebelite
KnebeliteMineral variety
Kunzite
KunziteMineral variety
Labradorite
LabradoriteMineral variety · H 6 – 6.5
Laguna Agate
Laguna AgateMineral variety
Lake Superior Agate
Lake Superior AgateMineral variety
Lapis lazuli
Lapis lazuliRock · H 5 – 6
Larimar
LarimarMineral variety
Larvikite
LarvikiteRock
Las Choyas Geode
Las Choyas GeodeGeode / nodule
Lazurite
LazuriteNa[(AlSiO4)SO4]IMA mineral species · H 5.5
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LeesbergiteMineral variety
Lemon Calcite
Lemon CalciteMineral variety
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LeonharditeMineral variety
Lepidodendron
LepidodendronFossil
Lepidolite
LepidoliteMineral group
Libyan desert glass
Libyan desert glassNatural glass
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LodestoneRock
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LovchorriteMineral variety
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MagnesiowüstiteFeOMineral variety
Mahogany Obsidian
Mahogany ObsidianRock
Malachite
MalachiteCu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂IMA mineral species · H 3.5 – 4
Malachite Stalactite
Malachite StalactiteMineral variety
Manganoan calcite
Manganoan calciteMineral variety
Mango Calcite
Mango CalciteMineral variety
Matrix Opal
Matrix OpalMineral variety
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MatveeviteMineral variety
Maw sit sit
Maw sit sitGem material
Megalodon Tooth
Megalodon ToothFossil
Melanite
MelaniteMineral variety
Menilite
MeniliteMineral variety
Merkabite Calcite
Merkabite CalciteMineral variety
Meteorite
MeteoriteOther
Micraster
MicrasterFossil
Moldavite
MoldaviteNatural glass
Mookaite
MookaiteRock
Moonstone
MoonstoneMineral variety
Morganite
MorganiteMineral variety
Moroccan Geode
Moroccan GeodeGeode / nodule
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MoschellandbergiteMineral variety
Moss agate
Moss agateMineral variety · H 6.5 – 7
Nacre
NacreOrganic gem
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Nailhead sparCaCO₃Mineral variety
Nephrite
NephriteRock
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NiobolopariteMineral variety
Novaculite
NovaculiteRock
Nuummite
NuummiteRock
Obsidian
ObsidianRock · H 5 – 6
Ocean Jasper
Ocean JasperRock
Oligoclase
OligoclaseMineral variety
Olivine
OlivineMineral group
Onyx
OnyxSiO₂Mineral variety · H 7
Opal
OpalSiO₂·nH₂OIMA mineral species
Opal Doublet & Triplet
Opal Doublet & TripletMineral variety
Opalite
OpaliteNatural glass
Opalized Fossil
Opalized FossilFossil
Orange Calcite
Orange CalciteMineral variety
Orthoceras
OrthocerasFossil
Oxyyttropyrochlore-(Y)
Oxyyttropyrochlore-(Y)Mineral variety
Peach Moonstone
Peach MoonstoneMineral variety
Pearl
PearlOrganic gem
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PericlineMineral variety
Peridot
PeridotMineral variety
Petoskey stone
Petoskey stoneFossil
Petrified wood
Petrified woodRock
Petroleum Quartz
Petroleum QuartzMineral variety
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PicotiteMineral variety
Picture Jasper
Picture JasperRock
Pietersite
PietersiteSiO₂Mineral variety
Pink Halite
Pink HaliteMineral variety
Pink Opal
Pink OpalMineral variety
Pitchblende
PitchblendeMineral variety
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PlaffeiiteMineral variety
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Plumboan calciteMineral variety
Plume Agate
Plume AgateMineral variety
Polychrome Jasper
Polychrome JasperRock
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PotosíiteMineral variety
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PraseMineral variety
Prasiolite
PrasioliteMineral variety
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Precious opalGem material
Pyrite Sun
Pyrite SunMineral variety
Pyrope
PyropeMg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃IMA mineral species · H 7.5
Quartz Geode
Quartz GeodeGeode / nodule
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QuartzineMineral variety
Rainbow Calcite
Rainbow CalciteMineral variety
Rainbow Moonstone
Rainbow MoonstoneMineral variety
Rainbow Obsidian
Rainbow ObsidianRock
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RatovkiteMineral variety
Red beryl
Red berylMineral variety
Red Calcite
Red CalciteMineral variety
Red Jasper
Red JasperMineral variety
Rhodochrosite
RhodochrositeMnCO₃IMA mineral species
Rhodochrosite Stalactite
Rhodochrosite StalactiteMineral variety
Rhyolite
RhyoliteRock
Rock crystal
Rock crystalSiO₂Mineral variety · H 7
Rose quartz
Rose quartzSiO₂Mineral variety · H 7
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RosoliteMineral variety
Rubellite
RubelliteMineral variety
Ruby
RubyAl₂O₃Mineral variety · H 9 – 9.5
Rutilated quartz
Rutilated quartzMineral variety
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SanguineMineral variety
Sapphire
SapphireMineral variety · H 9
Sard
SardMineral variety
Sardonyx
SardonyxMineral variety · H 6.5
Satin Spar
Satin SparMineral variety
Sea Biscuit
Sea BiscuitFossil
Selenite
SeleniteCaSO₄·2H₂OMineral variety · H 1.5 – 2
Septaria
SeptariaRock
Seraphinite
SeraphiniteMineral variety
Serpentine mineral subgroup
Serpentine mineral subgroupMineral group · H 2.5 – 4
Shepherd's Crown
Shepherd's CrownFossil
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SheridaniteMineral variety
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Shiva LingamRock
Shungite
ShungiteRock
Silver Sheen Obsidian
Silver Sheen ObsidianMineral variety
Smoky quartz
Smoky quartzSiO₂Mineral variety · H 7
Snowflake obsidian
Snowflake obsidianRock
Sodalite
SodaliteNa₄Si₃Al₃O₁₂ClIMA mineral species · H 6
Spectrolite
SpectroliteMineral variety
Specularite
SpeculariteMineral variety
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SperkiseMineral variety
Spessartine
SpessartineMn²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃IMA mineral species
Sphalerite
SphaleriteZnSIMA mineral species
Spinel
SpinelMgAl₂O₄IMA mineral species · H 8
Spirit Quartz
Spirit QuartzMineral variety
Spodumene
SpodumeneLiAlSi₂O₆IMA mineral species
Star Beryl
Star BerylMineral variety
Star Diopside
Star DiopsideMineral variety
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Star garnetGem material
Star Moonstone
Star MoonstoneMineral variety
Star quartz
Star quartzMineral variety
Star Rose Quartz
Star Rose QuartzMineral variety
Star Ruby
Star RubyMineral variety
Star Sapphire
Star SapphireMineral variety
Star Spinel
Star SpinelMineral variety
Steatite
SteatiteMineral variety
Stellar Beam Calcite
Stellar Beam CalciteMineral variety
Stigmaria
StigmariaFossil
Stilbite
StilbiteMineral group
Strawberry Quartz
Strawberry QuartzMineral variety
Sulfur
SulfurMineral
Sunstone
SunstoneMineral variety
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SvitalskiteMineral variety
Synthetic Opal
Synthetic OpalMineral variety
Taiwan Jade
Taiwan JadeGem material
Tampa Bay Agatized Coral
Tampa Bay Agatized CoralFossil
Tanzanite
TanzaniteMineral variety · H 6.5 – 7
Tektite
TektiteNatural glass
Teruelite
TerueliteCaMg(CO₃)₂Mineral variety
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Thorian uraninite(U,Th)O₂Mineral variety
Thulite
ThuliteMineral variety
Thunderegg
ThundereggGeode / nodule
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ThuringiteMineral variety
Tiger-iron
Tiger-ironRock
Tiger's eye
Tiger's eyeRock · H 7
Titanite
TitaniteCaTiSiO₅IMA mineral species · H 5.5
Titanomagnetite
TitanomagnetiteMineral variety
Topaz
TopazAl₂SiO₄F₂IMA mineral species · H 8
Topazolite
TopazoliteMineral variety
Tourmalinated Quartz
Tourmalinated QuartzMineral variety
Tourmalines
TourmalinesMineral group
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Trapiche crystalGem material
Tree Agate
Tree AgateMineral variety
Trilobite
TrilobiteFossil
Triphane
TriphaneMineral variety
Tsavorite
TsavoriteMineral variety
Turquoise
TurquoiseCuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂OIMA mineral species
Twinned Aragonite
Twinned AragoniteMineral variety
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UhligiteCa₃(Ti,Al,Zr)₉O₂₀Mineral variety · H 5.5
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UmbaliteMineral variety
Unakite
UnakiteRock
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UranothorianiteMineral variety
Uruguayan Amethyst Geode
Uruguayan Amethyst GeodeGeode / nodule
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VaaliteMineral variety
Velvet Obsidian
Velvet ObsidianMineral variety
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VerdeliteMineral variety
Virgin Valley Opal
Virgin Valley OpalMineral variety
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ViséiteMineral variety
Watermelon Tourmaline
Watermelon TourmalineMineral variety
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WerneriteMineral variety
White Moonstone
White MoonstoneMineral variety
White Opal
White OpalMineral variety
Wolframite
WolframiteMineral variety
Wood Opal
Wood OpalMineral variety
Yellow Aragonite
Yellow AragoniteMineral variety
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YeniteMineral variety
Yogo sapphire
Yogo sapphireMineral variety · H 9
Yttrocerite
YttroceriteMineral variety
Yttrofluorite
YttrofluoriteMineral variety
Zebra Jasper
Zebra JasperRock
Zeiringite
Zeiringite(Cu,Zn)CaCO₃Mineral variety
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ZinclavendulanMineral variety
Zircon
ZirconZrSiO₄IMA mineral species · H 7.5
Zultanite
ZultaniteMineral variety